Campus and Community Micro Grids Integration of Building Integrated Photovoltaic Renewable Energy Sources - Case Study of Split 3 Area, Croatia - Part A

Micro grids interconnect loads and distributed energy resources as a single controllable entity. New installations of renewable energy sources in urban areas, such as building integrated photovoltaic, provide opportunities to increase energy independence and diversib, energy sources in the energy system. This paper explores the integration of renewable energy sources into two case study communities in an urban agglomeration to provide optimal conditions to meet a share of the electrical loads. Energy planning case studies for decentralized generation of renewable energy are conducted in highways 2 renewable systems energy planning software for hourly energy balances. The results indicate that building integrated photovoltaic and photovoltaic in the case study communities can cover about 17% of the recorded electrical demand of both areas. On a yearly basis, there will be a 0.025 GWh surplus of photovoltaic production with a maximum value of 1.25 MWh in one hour of operation unless grid storage is used. This amounts to a total investment cost of 13.36 million EUR. The results are useful for proposing future directions for the various case study communities targeting sustainable development

Spatial Data Performance Test of Mid-cost UAS with Direct Georeferencing

Recent development of lightweight and small size multi-frequency GNSS receivers allows determination of the precise position of the moving platform and spatial data acquisition without the need for setting up and measuring of ground control points. The main advantage of this approach is a higher operational capacity with reduced time and cost of field measurement. This relates to fieldwork in inaccessible areas with demanding terrain configuration. In this paper development and use of a UAS with direct georeferencing of camera sensor for spatial data acquisition is described, and the possibility of 3D scene reconstruction based on the precise position of the camera with predetermined interior parameters is examined. Modern computer vision-based SfM photogrammetry algorithms are used for determining attitude parameters and reconstruction of the scene. For that purpose, several tests on two different test fields were performed using various system parameters for collecting and analysis of several spatial data sets. The presented results demonstrate a satisfactory accuracy (3.1 cm planar and 6.4 cm spatial) of the system for various applications in geodesy